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{{Infobox Settlement|official_name = Cleveland, Ohio|settlement_type = City|motto = Progress & Prosperity|website = www.city.cleveland.oh.us|image_skyline = Cleveland from Superior Viaduct.jpg|imagesize =|image_caption =|image_flag = Flag of Cleveland, Ohio.svg|image_seal = Cleveland seal.png|image_map = Cleveland,_Ohio_Map.png|mapsize = 250x200px|map_caption = Location in [Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Ohio, United States|image_map1 =|mapsize1 =|map_caption1 =|subdivision_type = List of countries|subdivision_type1 = Political divisions of the United States|subdivision_type2 = List of counties in Ohio|subdivision_name = United States|subdivision_name2 = [Cuyahoga County, Ohio|government_type =|leader_title = Mayor ([Democratic Party (United States))|established_title = Founded|established_date = 1796|established_title2 = Incorporated|established_date2 = 1814 (Village#United States)|established_title3 =  |established_date3 = 1836 (city)|area_footnotes = Cleveland, Ohio Fact Sheet. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2005-10-11.]|timezone = Eastern Standard Time Zone|utc_offset = -5|timezone_DST = Eastern Daylight Time|utc_offset_DST = -4|latd = 41 |latm = 28 |lats = 56 |latNS = N|longd = 81 |longm = 40 |longs = 11 |longEW = W|elevation_footnotes = |title=Geographic Names Information System Feature Detail Report|accessdate=2007-03-27|publisher=United States Geological Survey -->|elevation_m = 199|elevation_ft = 653|blank_name = Federal Information Processing Standard|blank_info = 39-16000|blank1_name = Geographic Names Information System feature ID|blank1_info = 1066654|footnotes =-->Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, the most populous county in the state. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (100 kilometre) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location at the head of numerous canals and Rail transport in the United States lines. With the decline of heavy industry, Cleveland's businesses have diversified into the tertiary sector of industry, including the financial services, insurance, and Health care in the United States sectors. Cleveland is also noted for its association with rock music. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame is located here.

As of the United States Census, 2000, the city proper had a total population of 478,403, making it the 33rd largest city in the nation and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio, which spans several counties and is defined in several different ways by the United States Census Bureau. The Cleveland-Elyria, Ohio-Mentor, Ohio United States metropolitan area has 2,250,871 people and is the 23rd largest in the country, according to the 2000 Census. Cleveland is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron, Ohio-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which is the 14th largest in the country with a population of 2,945,831 according to the 2000 Census. United States and Puerto Rico -- Metropolitan Area GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000, United States Census Bureau, United States Census, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-05-09.

In studies conducted by The Economist in 2005, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania were ranked as the most quality of life cities in the United States, and the city was ranked as the best city for business meetings in the continental U.S.Copestake, Jon. "Where business is a pleasure." The Economist. (2005-12-23) The city faces continuing challenges, in particular from concentrated poverty in some neighborhoods and difficulties in the funding and delivery of high-quality public education.

Residents of Cleveland are usually referred to as "List of people from Cleveland, Ohio". Nicknames used for the city include "The Forest City", "Metropolis of the Western Reserve", Cleveland. Architect Magazine. January 12007. Accessed October 112007. "The New American City", Living in Cleveland. The Lerner Research Institute. 2007. Accessed October 112007. "America's North Coast", Roll to a Final Four in Rockin' Cleveland. Wood, Terry. ESPN.com. March 292007. Accessed October 112007. "Sixth City", Cleveland Court Winner. The New York Times. August 31919. Accessed October 112007,"C-Town", Of Cleveland, by Cleveland, for Cleveland (and the world), Mountain Xpress. January 242007. Accessed October 112007. and "the Cleve". Roker sees stormy Sox forecast, Boston Herald, 2007-10-16. Accessed 2007-10-17.

History Cleveland obtained its name on July 22, 1796 when surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company laid out Connecticut's Connecticut Western Reserve into townships and a capital city they named "Cleaveland" after their leader, General Moses Cleaveland. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for the modern downtown area, centering on the Public Square, before returning home, never again to visit Ohio. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River. The Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23, 1814. The spelling of the city's name was later changed to "Cleveland" when, in 1831, an "a" was dropped so the name could fit a newspaper's masthead.

In spite of the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved providential. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal. This key link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes connected the city to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836.

In 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City (Cuyahoga County), Ohio over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until it was Annexation#Municipal Annexation in the United States by Cleveland in 1854. The site flourished as a halfway point for iron ore from Minnesota shipped across the Great Lakes and other raw materials (coal) carried by rail from the south. Cleveland emerged as a major American manufacturing center, home to numerous major steel producers, as well as a number of auto industry, including steam car builder White Motor Company and electric car company Baker Motor Vehicle. By 1920, Standard Oil founder John D. Rockefeller had made his fortune and Cleveland had become the fifth largest city in the country. The city was a center for the national Progressive Era, headed locally by Mayor Tom L. Johnson. Many Clevelanders of this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, along with James A. Garfield, the twentieth President of the United States.Find A Grave: Lake View Cemetery. Findagrave.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-09.

winds through the Flats in a December 1937 aerial view of downtown Cleveland.

In commemoration of the centennial of Cleveland's incorporation as a city, the Great Lakes Exposition debuted in June 1936 along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown. Conceived as a way to energize a city hit hard by the Great Depression, it drew 4 million visitors in its first season, and 7 million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Burke Lakefront Airport, among others.

Immediately after World War II, the city experienced a brief boom. In sports, the Cleveland Indians won the 1948 World Series and the Cleveland Browns dominated professional National Football League in the 1950s. Businesses proclaimed that Cleveland was the "best location in the nation". Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-06-14. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. The city's population reached its peak of 914,808, and in 1949 Cleveland was named an All-America City Award for the first time. By the 1960s, however, heavy industries began to slump, and residents sought new housing in the suburbs, reflecting the national trends of white flight and urban sprawl. Like other major American cities, Cleveland also began witnessing racial unrest, culminating in the Hough Riots from July 18, 1966 – July 23, 1966 and the Glenville Shootout on July 23, 1968 – July 25, 1968. The city's nadir is often considered to be its default (finance) on its loans on December 15 1978, when under Mayor Dennis Kucinich it became the first major American city to enter default since the Great Depression. National media began referring to Cleveland as "the mistake on the lake" around this time, in reference to the city's financial difficulties, a notorious 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga River (where industrial waste on the river's surface caught on fire), and its struggling professional sports teams. The city has worked to shed this nickname ever since, though in recent times the national media have been much kinder to the city, using it as an exemplar for public-private partnerships, downtown revitalization, and urban renaissance.Walljasper, Jay. " Town Square." Project for Public Spaces. November 2004. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.

and the Cleveland skylineThe metropolitan area began recovery thereafter under Mayors George Voinovich and Michael R. White. Redevelopment within the city limits has been strongest in the downtown area near the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex—consisting of Jacobs Field and Quicken Loans Arena, and near North Coast Harbor—including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland Browns Stadium, and the Great Lakes Science Center. Although Cleveland was hailed by the media as the "Comeback City," many of the inner-city residential neighborhoods remain troubled, and the public school system continues to experience serious problems. Economic development, brain drain, and capitalizing upon its waterfront are current municipal priorities.Frank G. Jackson, State of the City of Cleveland (PDF). City of Cleveland, Ohio. 2007-03-01. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.

Geography Topography in 1912Cleveland is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 82.4 square miles (213.5 square kilometre), of which, 77.6 square miles (201.0 km²) is land and 4.8 square miles (12.5 km²) is water. The total area is 5.87% water.

The shore of Lake Erie is 569 foot (unit of length) (173 metre) above above mean sea level; however, the city lies on a series of irregular bluffs lying roughly parallel to the lake. In Cleveland these bluffs are cut principally by the Cuyahoga River, Big Creek, and Euclid Creek. The land rises quickly from the lakeshore. Public Square, less than a mile (2 kilometre) inland, sits at an elevation of 650 feet (198 m), and Hopkins Airport, only five miles (8 km) inland from the lake, is at an elevation of 791 feet (241 m).

Climate {| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 92%;"|-! colspan="6" bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"| Monthly normal and record high and low temperatures Monthly Averages for Cleveland, OH. The Weather Channel. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.] (Koppen climate classification Dfa), typical of much of the central United States, with hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. The Lake Erie shoreline is very close to due east-west from the mouth of the Cuyahoga west to Sandusky, Ohio, but at the mouth of the Cuyahoga it turns sharply northeast. This feature is the principal contributor to the lake effect snow that is typical in Cleveland (especially east side) weather from mid-November until the surface of Lake Erie freezes, usually in late January or early February. The lake effect causes snowfall totals to range greatly across the city: while Hopkins Airport has only reached 100 inches (254 Centimetre) of snowfall in a given season three times since 1968, Cleveland Snowfalle (sic) Statistics. National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2005-10-13. seasonal totals approaching or exceeding 100 inches are not uncommon in an area known as the "Snowbelt", extending from the east side of Cleveland proper through the eastern suburbs and up the Lake Erie shore as far as Buffalo, New York.

The all-time record high in Cleveland of 104 °Fahrenheit (40 °Degree Celsius) was established on June 25 1988, and the all-time record low of −20 °F (−29 °C) was set on January 19 1994. On average, July is the warmest month with a mean temperature of 71.9 °F (22.2 °C), and January, with a mean temperature of 25.7 °F (−3.5 °C), is the coldest. Normal yearly precipitation (meteorology) based on the 30-year average from 1971 to 2000 is 38.7 inches (930 mm). NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data. National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2006-04-05.

Cityscape Architecture 's skylineCleveland's downtown architecture is diverse. Many of the city's government and civic buildings, including City Hall, the Cuyahoga County Courthouse, the Cleveland Public Library, and Public Auditorium, are clustered around an open The Mall (Cleveland) and share a common neoclassical architecture. Built in the early 20th century, they are the result of the 1903 Group Plan, and constitute one of the most complete examples of City Beautiful movement design in the United States. The Terminal Tower, dedicated in 1930, was the tallest building in the United States outside New York City until 1967 and the tallest in the city until 1991. It is a prototypical Beaux-Arts architecture skyscraper. The two newer skyscrapers on Public Square, Key Tower (currently the tallest building in Ohio) and the BP Building, combine elements of Art Deco architecture with Postmodern architecture designs. Another of Cleveland's architectural treasures is Cleveland Arcade (sometimes called the Old Arcade), a five-story arcade (architecture) built in 1890 and renovated in 2001 as a Hyatt Regency Hotel.

, with the Warehouse District, the Cuyahoga River, and Lake Erie in the backgroundRunning east from Public Square through University Circle is Euclid Avenue, which was known for its prestige and elegance. In the late 1880s, writer Bayard Taylor described it as "the most beautiful street in the world." Known as "Millionaire's Row", Euclid Avenue was world-renowned as the home of such internationally-known names as John D. Rockefeller, Marcus Hanna, and John Hay.

Cleveland is home to four parks in the countywide Cleveland Metroparks system, the "Emerald Necklace" of Frederick Law Olmsted-inspired parks that encircles the region. In the Big Creek valley sits the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, which contains the largest collection of primates of any zoo in the United States. The other three parks are Brookside Park and parts of the Rocky River and Washington Reservations. Apart from the Metroparks is Cleveland Lakefront State Park, which provides public access to Lake Erie. Among its six parks are Edgewater Park, located between the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway and Lake Erie just west of downtown, and Euclid Beach Park and Gordon Park on the east side. The City of Cleveland's Rockefeller Park, with its many Cultural Gardens honoring the city's ethnic groups, follows Doan Brook across the city's east side.

Neighborhoods Downtown Cleveland includes mixed-use neighborhoods such as the Flats and the Warehouse District, which are occupied by industrial and office buildings and also by restaurants and bars. The number of downtown housing units in the form of condominiums, loft apartment, and apartments has increased over the past ten years. This trend looks to continue with the recent revival of the Flats. The apartment and condominium project that was recently completed on the West Bank, Stonebridge Apartments, has been highly successful. The East Bank has its own redevelopment project underway orchestrated by Scott Wolstein of Developers Diversified Realty, Inc that looks only to enhance the Flats recent success.

and the Cuyahoga River in downtown ClevelandCleveland residents often define themselves in terms of whether they live on the east side or the west side of the Cuyahoga River. The east side comprises the following neighborhoods: Buckeye-Shaker Square, Central, Collinwood, Corlett, Euclid-Green, Fairfax, Forest Hills, Glenville, Cleveland, Payne/Goodrich-Kirtland Park, Hough, Cleveland, Kinsman, Lee Harvard/Seville-Miles, Mount Pleasant, Nottingham, St. Clair-Superior, Cleveland, Union-Miles Park, University Circle, Little Italy, Cleveland, and Woodland Hills. The west side of the city includes the following neighborhoods: Brooklyn Centre, Clark-Fulton, Detroit-Shoreway, Cleveland, Cudell, Edgewater, Ohio City (Cuyahoga County), Ohio, Old Brooklyn, Stockyards, West Boulevard, and the four neighborhoods colloquially known as West Park, Cleveland: Kamm's Corners, Jefferson, Puritas-Longmead, and Riverside. Three neighborhoods in the Cuyahoga Valley are sometimes referred to as the south side: Industrial Valley/Duck Island, Slavic Village (North and South Broadway), and Tremont.

Several inner-city neighborhoods have begun to gentrification in recent years. Areas on both the west side (Ohio City, Tremont, Detroit-Shoreway, and Edgewater) and the east side (Collinwood, Hough, Fairfax, and Little Italy) have been successful in attracting increasing numbers of creative class members, which in turn is spurring new residential development.Kennedy, Maureen and Leonard, Paul. Dealing with Neighborhood Change: A Primer on Gentrification and Policy Choices. Brookings Institution (April 2001). Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Furthermore, a live-work zoning overlay for the city's near east side has facilitated the transformation of old industrial buildings into loft spaces for artists.Gill, Michael. "Can the Creative Class Save Cleveland?". Free Times (2003-10-29) Retrieved on 2007-08-01

Suburbs Cleveland's older inner-ring or "first" suburbs include Bedford, Ohio, Bedford Heights, Ohio, Brook Park, Ohio, Brooklyn, Ohio, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio, East Cleveland, Ohio, Euclid, Ohio, Fairview Park, Ohio, Garfield Heights, Ohio, Lakewood, Ohio, Maple Heights, Ohio, Parma, Ohio, Shaker Heights, Ohio, South Euclid, Ohio, University Heights, Ohio, and Warrensville Heights, Ohio. All are members of the Northeast Ohio First Suburbs Consortium.

Culture Entertainment and performing arts Cleveland is home to Playhouse Square Center, the second largest performing arts center in the United States behind New York City Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Playhouse Square includes the State Theater (Cleveland), Palace Theater, Cleveland, Allen Theater, Hanna Theater, and Ohio Theater (Cleveland) theaters within what is known as the Theater District of Downtown Cleveland. Playhouse Square: The Theater District. Playhouse Square Center. Retrieved on May 14, 2007. Playhouse Square's resident performing arts companies include the Cleveland Opera, the Ohio Ballet, and the Great Lakes Theater Festival. The center also hosts various musical theatre, special concerts, speaking engagements, and other events throughout the year. One Playhouse Square, now the headquarters for Cleveland's public broadcasting, was originally used as the broadcast studios of WKNR#WJW Radio, where disc jockey Alan Freed first popularized the term "rock and roll". Alan Freed. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2007-07-03. Located between Playhouse Square and University Circle are the Cleveland Play House and Karamu House, a well-known African American performing and fine arts center, both founded in the 1920s.Mansfield, Herbert. Theater. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1998-03-04. Retrieved on 2007-07-03.

Cleveland is also home to the Cleveland Orchestra, widely considered one of the finest orchestras in the world, and often referred to as the finest in the United States.Walsh, Michael. "The Finest Orchestra? (Surprise!) Cleveland". Time (magazine). (1994-01-10) Retrieved on 2007-08-01. It is one of the "Big Five (orchestras)" major orchestras in the United States. The Orchestra plays in Severance Hall during the winter and at Blossom Music Center during the summer. A Brief History of the Cleveland Orchestra. Cleveland Orchestra. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.

There are two main art museums in Cleveland. The Cleveland Museum of Art is a major American art museum, Cleveland Museum of Art. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-06-14. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. and its collection is comprised of more than 40,000 works of art ranging over 6,000 years, from ancient art to contemporary art. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland showcases established and emerging artists, particularly from the Cleveland area, through hosting and producing temporary exhibitions. Who We Are. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland. Retrieved on 2007-08-16.

Cleveland has served as the filming location for several noteworthy movies, including The Fortune Cookie (1967) with Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon, the Academy Award-winning The Deer Hunter (1978), Antwone Fisher (2002), and the holiday favorite A Christmas Story (1983). Scenes for Spider-Man 3 were filmed in Cleveland in April 2006. Cleveland is the lifelong home of cartoonist Harvey Pekar and the setting for most of his autobiographical comic books. The city was also the setting for the popular sitcom, The Drew Carey Show which starred Cleveland native Drew Carey.

Cleveland was the home of Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel, who created the comic book character Superman in 1932. Both attended Glenville High School, and their early collaborations resulted in the creation of "The Man of Steel". Superman. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-07-22. Retrieved on 2007-07-03.

Cleveland is the home of heavy metal group Mushroomhead, rap group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Eric Carmen and his band, The Raspberries. Rhythm and blues singer Gerald Levert also was a lifelong resident of Cleveland, and it was the hometown of R&B groups the Dazz Band and The Rude Boys, as well as R&B singer Avant. It was also home to protopunk bands Pere Ubu (band), Rocket From the Tombs, and Electric Eels (band).

Tourism on the shores of Lake Erie

Five miles (8 km) east of downtown Cleveland is University Circle, a 550-acre (220 hectare) concentration of cultural, educational, and medical institutions, including Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Severance Hall, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and the Western Reserve Historical Society. Cleveland is also home to the I. M. Pei-designed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the Lake Erie waterfront at North Coast Harbor downtown. Neighboring attractions include Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Great Lakes Science Center, the Steamship William G. Mather Maritime Museum, and the USS Cod (SS-224), a World War II Gato class submarine.

Cleveland is home to many festivals throughout the year. Cultural festivals such as the annual Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival in the Little Italy neighborhood, the Greek Orthodox Festival in the Tremont neighborhood, and the Harvest Festival in the Slavic Village neighborhood are popular events. Vendors at the West Side Market in Ohio City offer many different ethnic foods for sale. Cleveland hosts an annual parade on Saint Patrick's Day that brings hundreds of thousands to the streets of downtown.

and van Bruggen's Free Stamp, located in Willard Park to the east of City HallIn addition to the cultural festivals, Cleveland hosted the CMJ Rock Hall Music Fest, which featured national and local acts, including both established artists and up-and-coming acts, but the festival was discontinued in 2007 due to financial and manpower costs to the Rock Hall.Soeder, John. " CMJ/Rock Hall Music Fest cancelled after two-year run." The Plain Dealer (newspaper), 2007-04-06. The city recently incorporated an annual art and technology festival, known as Ingenuity, which features a combination of art and technology in various installations and performances throughout lower Euclid Avenue. The Cleveland International Film Festival has been held annually since 1977, and its eleven day run drew a record 52,753 people in 2007.O'Connor, Cliff. " Another record-setting year for Cleveland film fest." The Plain Dealer (newspaper), 2007-03-26. Cleveland also hosts an annual holiday display lighting and celebration, dubbed Winterfest, which is held downtown at the city's historic hub, Public Square.

A large concentration of Poles in the metropolitan Cleveland area resulted in a number of impressive churches in the Polish Cathedral style, such as the Shrine of old St. Stanislaus in Slavic Village or St. John Cantius in Tremont. Both churches are included on tour itineraries.

Sports , home of the Cleveland IndiansCleveland's professional sports teams include the Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball), Cleveland Browns (National Football League), Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association), Cleveland Bulldogs (Arena Football League), Cleveland City Stars (United Soccer Leagues), and Lake Erie Monsters (American Hockey League). Annual sporting events held in Cleveland include the Champ Car Grand Prix of Cleveland, the Cleveland Marathon, the Mid-American Conference college basketball tournament and the Ohio Classic college football game. The city hosted the Gravity Games, an extreme sports series, from 2002 to 2004. Local sporting facilities include Jacobs Field, Cleveland Browns Stadium, Quicken Loans Arena, and the CSU Wolstein Center.

The Cleveland Browns dominated the NFL from 1950 NFL season to 1955 NFL season. The city's franchise is one of the most storied in football, though it last won an List of NFL champions in 1964 NFL season and has never appeared in the Super Bowl. The Cleveland Indians last reached the World Series in 1995 World Series and 1997 World Series, though they lost to the Atlanta Braves and Florida Marlins, respectively, and have not won the series since 1948 World Series. Between 1995 and 2001, Jacobs Field sold out for 455 consecutive games, a Major League Baseball record. The Cleveland Cavaliers are experiencing a renaissance with Cleveland fans due to LeBron James, a native of nearby Akron and the number one overall 2003 NBA Draft. The Cavaliers won the Eastern Conference (NBA) in 2007, but were defeated in the 2007 NBA Finals by the San Antonio Spurs. The city's recent lack of success in sports has earned it a reputation of being a cursed sports city, which ESPN validated by proclaiming Cleveland as its "most tortured sports city" in 2004.Darcy, Kieran. Mistakes by the Lake. ESPN.com: Page 2. (2004-07-13). Retrieved on 2005-10-11.

At the 2005 Major League Soccer Major League Soccer All-Star Game in Columbus, Ohio, MLS commissioner Don Garber announced that Cleveland was one of several top areas in contention for an expansion team in 2007. Delays in securing a soccer-only stadium have now prevented any such team from beginning play until the 2009 season, but the Cleveland area is still a contender for expansion. Cleveland fielded an National Hockey League team, the Cleveland Barons (NHL), from 1976-77 NHL season to 1977-78 NHL season, which was later merged into the Minnesota North Stars. The city has had other major-league hockey teams in the past. The most recent incarnation of the Cleveland Barons (2001-2006), was an American Hockey League affiliate of the San Jose Sharks, that moved to Worcester, Massachusetts in 2006. The tradition of professional hockey in Cleveland started with the original Cleveland Barons (1937-1973) in 1937. A new professional team is slated to begin play in 2007 with the Lake Erie Monsters, an AHL team purchased by Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert. Cleveland was also home to the Cleveland Rockers, one of the original eight teams in the Women's National Basketball Association in 1997. However, in 2003, the team folded after owner Gordon Gund dropped the team from operation.

Media Cleveland is served in print by The Plain Dealer (newspaper), the city's sole remaining daily newspaper. The competing Cleveland Press ceased publication on June 17 1982, and the Cleveland News ended its run in 1960. Cleveland also supports several alternative weekly publications, including the Free Times and Cleveland Scene.

Cleveland, combined with nearby Akron, was ranked in 2006–2007 as the 17th largest television market by Nielsen Media Research. The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including: WKYC-TV (channel 3, NBC), WEWS (channel 5, American Broadcasting Company), WJW-TV (channel 8, Fox Broadcasting Company), WOIO (channel 19, CBS), WUAB (channel 43, My Network TV), and WBNX (channel 55, The CW Television Network). Cleveland is also served by WVPX (channel 23, ION (TV network)) and Spanish-language channel WQHS-TV (channel 61, Univision). WVIZ (channel 25) and WEAO (channel 49) are members of Public Broadcasting Service. A Cleveland first in television was The Morning Exchange program on WEWS, which defined the morning show format, and served as the inspiration for Good Morning America.

Cleveland is also served by over 43 AM and FM radio stations directly, and dozens of other stations are heard from elsewhere in Northeast Ohio. Cleveland OH, RadioStationWorld. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.

Economy Cleveland's location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie has been key to its growth. The Ohio and Erie Canal coupled with rail links helped establish the city as a major American manufacturing center. Steel and many other manufactured goods emerged as its industries.Stapleton, Darwin H. Industry. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-07-17. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.

The city has sought to diversify its economy to become less dependent on its struggling manufacturing sector. Cleveland is the corporate headquarters of many large companies such as National City Corporation, Eaton Corporation, Forest City Enterprises, Sherwin-Williams Company, and Key Bank. NASA maintains a facility in Cleveland, the Glenn Research Center. Jones Day, one of the largest law firms in the world, traces its origins to Cleveland, and its Cleveland office remains the firm's largest.Cho, Janet H. "A global venue; Cleveland's Jones Day law firm makes motions all over the world, but its culture is rooted in the town where it began", The Plain Dealer. 2006-06-19.

Cleveland's largest employer, the renowned Cleveland Clinic, ranks among America's best hospitals as tabulated by U.S. News & World Report. Best Hospitals 2006: Cleveland Clinic. U.S. News & World Report (2006). Retrieved on 2006-09-17. Cleveland's healthcare industry includes University Hospitals of Cleveland, a noted competitor which ranked twenty-fifth in cancer care, Best Hospitals 2006: Cancer. U.S. News & World Report. (2006-07-13) Retrieved on 2007-08-01. and MetroHealth medical center.

Cleveland is an emerging area for biotechnology and fuel cell research, led by Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Clinic, and University Hospitals of Cleveland. Cleveland is among the top recipients of investment for biotech start-ups and research. Case Western Reserve, the Clinic, and University Hospitals have recently announced plans to build a large biotechnology research center and business incubator on the site of the former Mt. Sinai Medical Center, creating a research campus to stimulate biotech startup company that can be spun off from research conducted in the city.

City leaders stepped up efforts to cultivate a technology sector in its economy in the early 2000s. Former Mayor Jane L. Campbell appointed a "tech czar" whose job is to actively recruit tech companies to the downtown office market, offering connections to the high-speed fiber networks that run underneath downtown streets in several "high-tech offices" focused on the Euclid Avenue area. Cleveland State University hired a Technology Transfer Officer to work full time on cultivating technology transfers from CSU research to marketable ideas and companies in the Cleveland area, and appointed a Vice President for Economic Development to leverage the university's assets in expanding the city's economy. Case Western Reserve University participates in technology initiatives such as the OneCommunity project Fiber Optic Network Connecting Cleveland and Northeast Ohio. OneCommunity project. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. a high-speed fiber optic network linking the area's major research centers intended to stimulate growth. OneCommunity's work attracted the attention of Intel and in mid-2005, Cleveland was named an Intel "Worldwide Digital Community" along with Corpus Christi, Texas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Taipei. This distinction will add about $12 million for marketing to expand regional technology partnerships, create a city-wide WiFi network, and develop a tech economy. In addition to this Intel initiative, in January 2006 a New York-based think tank, the Intelligent Community Forum, selected Cleveland as the sole American city among its seven finalists for the "Intelligent Community of the Year" award. The group announced that it nominated the city for its OneCleveland network with potential broadband applications.Gomez, Henry J. "Top U.S. Broadband town: Cleveland". The Plain Dealer (newspaper). (2006-01-20). The OneCommunity Network is collaborating with Cisco Systems to deploy a cutting-edge wireless network that could provide widespread access to the region. Cisco is testing new technologies in wireless "mesh" networking. OneCommunity and Cisco officially launched the first phase in September 2006, blanketing several square miles of University Circle with wireless connectivity. Additionally, Cisco Systems acquired the former Aironet Wireless Networks, which was based in the Greater Cleveland area, to form its wireless networking product lineup and maintain a facility in the region.Vanac, Mary. "Ohio hot to invest in Wi-Fi technology", The Plain Dealer. 2006-10-05.

Demographics {| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%;"|-! colspan="5" bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"| Historical populations|-! align="center"| Census
year !! align="right"| Population !! align="right"| Rank !! align="right"| %±|-| colspan="4"||-| align="center"| United States Census, 1820| align="right"| 606| align="right"| -| align="right"| -|-| align="center"| United States Census, 1830| align="right"| 1,075| align="right"| -| align="right"| 77.3%|-| align="center"| United States Census, 1840| align="right"| 6,071| align="right"| 67| align="right {{Infobox Settlement|official_name = Cleveland, Ohio|settlement_type = City|motto = Progress & Prosperity|website = www.city.cleveland.oh.us|image_skyline = Cleveland from Superior Viaduct.jpg|imagesize =|image_caption =|image_flag = Flag of Cleveland, Ohio.svg|image_seal = Cleveland seal.png|image_map = Cleveland,_Ohio_Map.png|mapsize = 250x200px|map_caption = Location in [Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Ohio, United States|image_map1 =|mapsize1 =|map_caption1 =|subdivision_type = List of countries|subdivision_type1 = Political divisions of the United States|subdivision_type2 = List of counties in Ohio|subdivision_name = United States|subdivision_name2 = [Cuyahoga County, Ohio|government_type =|leader_title = Mayor ([Democratic Party (United States))|established_title = Founded|established_date = 1796|established_title2 = Incorporated|established_date2 = 1814 (Village#United States)|established_title3 =  |established_date3 = 1836 (city)|area_footnotes = Cleveland, Ohio Fact Sheet. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2005-10-11.]|timezone = Eastern Standard Time Zone|utc_offset = -5|timezone_DST = Eastern Daylight Time|utc_offset_DST = -4|latd = 41 |latm = 28 |lats = 56 |latNS = N|longd = 81 |longm = 40 |longs = 11 |longEW = W|elevation_footnotes = |title=Geographic Names Information System Feature Detail Report|accessdate=2007-03-27|publisher=United States Geological Survey -->|elevation_m = 199|elevation_ft = 653|blank_name = Federal Information Processing Standard|blank_info = 39-16000|blank1_name = Geographic Names Information System feature ID|blank1_info = 1066654|footnotes =-->Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, the most populous county in the state. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (100 kilometre) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location at the head of numerous canals and Rail transport in the United States lines. With the decline of heavy industry, Cleveland's businesses have diversified into the tertiary sector of industry, including the financial services, insurance, and Health care in the United States sectors. Cleveland is also noted for its association with rock music. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame is located here.

As of the United States Census, 2000, the city proper had a total population of 478,403, making it the 33rd largest city in the nation and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio, which spans several counties and is defined in several different ways by the United States Census Bureau. The Cleveland-Elyria, Ohio-Mentor, Ohio United States metropolitan area has 2,250,871 people and is the 23rd largest in the country, according to the 2000 Census. Cleveland is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron, Ohio-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which is the 14th largest in the country with a population of 2,945,831 according to the 2000 Census. United States and Puerto Rico -- Metropolitan Area GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000, United States Census Bureau, United States Census, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-05-09.

In studies conducted by The Economist in 2005, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania were ranked as the most quality of life cities in the United States, and the city was ranked as the best city for business meetings in the continental U.S.Copestake, Jon. "Where business is a pleasure." The Economist. (2005-12-23) The city faces continuing challenges, in particular from concentrated poverty in some neighborhoods and difficulties in the funding and delivery of high-quality public education.

Residents of Cleveland are usually referred to as "List of people from Cleveland, Ohio". Nicknames used for the city include "The Forest City", "Metropolis of the Western Reserve", Cleveland. Architect Magazine. January 12007. Accessed October 112007. "The New American City", Living in Cleveland. The Lerner Research Institute. 2007. Accessed October 112007. "America's North Coast", Roll to a Final Four in Rockin' Cleveland. Wood, Terry. ESPN.com. March 292007. Accessed October 112007. "Sixth City", Cleveland Court Winner. The New York Times. August 31919. Accessed October 112007,"C-Town", Of Cleveland, by Cleveland, for Cleveland (and the world), Mountain Xpress. January 242007. Accessed October 112007. and "the Cleve". Roker sees stormy Sox forecast, Boston Herald, 2007-10-16. Accessed 2007-10-17.

History Cleveland obtained its name on July 22, 1796 when surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company laid out Connecticut's Connecticut Western Reserve into townships and a capital city they named "Cleaveland" after their leader, General Moses Cleaveland. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for the modern downtown area, centering on the Public Square, before returning home, never again to visit Ohio. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River. The Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23, 1814. The spelling of the city's name was later changed to "Cleveland" when, in 1831, an "a" was dropped so the name could fit a newspaper's masthead.

In spite of the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved providential. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal. This key link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes connected the city to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836.

In 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City (Cuyahoga County), Ohio over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until it was Annexation#Municipal Annexation in the United States by Cleveland in 1854. The site flourished as a halfway point for iron ore from Minnesota shipped across the Great Lakes and other raw materials (coal) carried by rail from the south. Cleveland emerged as a major American manufacturing center, home to numerous major steel producers, as well as a number of auto industry, including steam car builder White Motor Company and electric car company Baker Motor Vehicle. By 1920, Standard Oil founder John D. Rockefeller had made his fortune and Cleveland had become the fifth largest city in the country. The city was a center for the national Progressive Era, headed locally by Mayor Tom L. Johnson. Many Clevelanders of this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, along with James A. Garfield, the twentieth President of the United States.Find A Grave: Lake View Cemetery. Findagrave.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-09.

winds through the Flats in a December 1937 aerial view of downtown Cleveland.

In commemoration of the centennial of Cleveland's incorporation as a city, the Great Lakes Exposition debuted in June 1936 along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown. Conceived as a way to energize a city hit hard by the Great Depression, it drew 4 million visitors in its first season, and 7 million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Burke Lakefront Airport, among others.

Immediately after World War II, the city experienced a brief boom. In sports, the Cleveland Indians won the 1948 World Series and the Cleveland Browns dominated professional National Football League in the 1950s. Businesses proclaimed that Cleveland was the "best location in the nation". Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-06-14. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. The city's population reached its peak of 914,808, and in 1949 Cleveland was named an All-America City Award for the first time. By the 1960s, however, heavy industries began to slump, and residents sought new housing in the suburbs, reflecting the national trends of white flight and urban sprawl. Like other major American cities, Cleveland also began witnessing racial unrest, culminating in the Hough Riots from July 18, 1966 – July 23, 1966 and the Glenville Shootout on July 23, 1968 – July 25, 1968. The city's nadir is often considered to be its default (finance) on its loans on December 15 1978, when under Mayor Dennis Kucinich it became the first major American city to enter default since the Great Depression. National media began referring to Cleveland as "the mistake on the lake" around this time, in reference to the city's financial difficulties, a notorious 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga River (where industrial waste on the river's surface caught on fire), and its struggling professional sports teams. The city has worked to shed this nickname ever since, though in recent times the national media have been much kinder to the city, using it as an exemplar for public-private partnerships, downtown revitalization, and urban renaissance.Walljasper, Jay. " Town Square." Project for Public Spaces. November 2004. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.

and the Cleveland skylineThe metropolitan area began recovery thereafter under Mayors George Voinovich and Michael R. White. Redevelopment within the city limits has been strongest in the downtown area near the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex—consisting of Jacobs Field and Quicken Loans Arena, and near North Coast Harbor—including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland Browns Stadium, and the Great Lakes Science Center. Although Cleveland was hailed by the media as the "Comeback City," many of the inner-city residential neighborhoods remain troubled, and the public school system continues to experience serious problems. Economic development, brain drain, and capitalizing upon its waterfront are current municipal priorities.Frank G. Jackson, State of the City of Cleveland (PDF). City of Cleveland, Ohio. 2007-03-01. Retrieved on 2007-08-01.

Geography Topography in 1912Cleveland is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 82.4 square miles (213.5 square kilometre), of which, 77.6 square miles (201.0 km²) is land and 4.8 square miles (12.5 km²) is water. The total area is 5.87% water.

The shore of Lake Erie is 569 foot (unit of length) (173 metre) above above mean sea level; however, the city lies on a series of irregular bluffs lying roughly parallel to the lake. In Cleveland these bluffs are cut principally by the Cuyahoga River, Big Creek, and Euclid Creek. The land rises quickly from the lakeshore. Public Square, less than a mile (2 kilometre) inland, sits at an elevation of 650 feet (198 m), and Hopkins Airport, only five miles (8 km) inland from the lake, is at an elevation of 791 feet (241 m).

Climate {| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 92%;"|-! colspan="6" bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"| Monthly normal and record high and low temperatures Monthly Averages for Cleveland, OH. The Weather Channel. Retrieved on 2007-07-23.] (Koppen climate classification Dfa), typical of much of the central United States, with hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. The Lake Erie shoreline is very close to due east-west from the mouth of the Cuyahoga west to Sandusky, Ohio, but at the mouth of the Cuyahoga it turns sharply northeast. This feature is the principal contributor to the lake effect snow that is typical in Cleveland (especially east side) weather from mid-November until the surface of Lake Erie freezes, usually in late January or early February. The lake effect causes snowfall totals to range greatly across the city: while Hopkins Airport has only reached 100 inches (254 Centimetre) of snowfall in a given season three times since 1968, Cleveland Snowfalle (sic) Statistics. National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2005-10-13. seasonal totals approaching or exceeding 100 inches are not uncommon in an area known as the "Snowbelt", extending from the east side of Cleveland proper through the eastern suburbs and up the Lake Erie shore as far as Buffalo, New York.

The all-time record high in Cleveland of 104 °Fahrenheit (40 °Degree Celsius) was established on June 25 1988, and the all-time record low of −20 °F (−29 °C) was set on January 19 1994. On average, July is the warmest month with a mean temperature of 71.9 °F (22.2 °C), and January, with a mean temperature of 25.7 °F (−3.5 °C), is the coldest. Normal yearly precipitation (meteorology) based on the 30-year average from 1971 to 2000 is 38.7 inches (930 mm). NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data. National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2006-04-05.

Cityscape Architecture 's skylineCleveland's downtown architecture is diverse. Many of the city's government and civic buildings, including City Hall, the Cuyahoga County Courthouse, the Cleveland Public Library, and Public Auditorium, are clustered around an open The Mall (Cleveland) and share a common neoclassical architecture. Built in the early 20th century, they are the result of the 1903 Group Plan, and constitute one of the most complete examples of City Beautiful movement design in the United States. The Terminal Tower, dedicated in 1930, was the tallest building in the United States outside New York City until 1967 and the tallest in the city until 1991. It is a prototypical Beaux-Arts architecture skyscraper. The two newer skyscrapers on Public Square, Key Tower (currently the tallest building in Ohio) and the BP Building, combine elements of Art Deco architecture with Postmodern architecture designs. Another of Cleveland's architectural treasures is Cleveland Arcade (sometimes called the Old Arcade), a five-story arcade (architecture) built in 1890 and renovated in 2001 as a Hyatt Regency Hotel.

, with the Warehouse District, the Cuyahoga River, and Lake Erie in the backgroundRunning east from Public Square through University Circle is Euclid Avenue, which was known for its prestige and elegance. In the late 1880s, writer Bayard Taylor described it as "the most beautiful street in the world." Known as "Millionaire's Row", Euclid Avenue was world-renowned as the home of such internationally-known names as John D. Rockefeller, Marcus Hanna, and John Hay.

Cleveland is home to four parks in the countywide Cleveland Metroparks system, the "Emerald Necklace" of Frederick Law Olmsted-inspired parks that encircles the region. In the Big Creek valley sits the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, which contains the largest collection of primates of any zoo in the United States. The other three parks are Brookside Park and parts of the Rocky River and Washington Reservations. Apart from the Metroparks is Cleveland Lakefront State Park, which provides public access to Lake Erie. Among its six parks are Edgewater Park, located between the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway and Lake Erie just west of downtown, and Euclid Beach Park and Gordon Park on the east side. The City of Cleveland's Rockefeller Park, with its many Cultural Gardens honoring the city's ethnic groups, follows Doan Brook across the city's east side.

Neighborhoods Downtown Cleveland includes mixed-use neighborhoods such as the Flats and the Warehouse District, which are occupied by industrial and office buildings and also by restaurants and bars. The number of downtown housing units in the form of condominiums, loft apartment, and apartments has increased over the past ten years. This trend looks to continue with the recent revival of the Flats. The apartment and condominium project that was recently completed on the West Bank, Stonebridge Apartments, has been highly successful. The East Bank has its own redevelopment project underway orchestrated by Scott Wolstein of Developers Diversified Realty, Inc that looks only to enhance the Flats recent success.

and the Cuyahoga River in downtown ClevelandCleveland residents often define themselves in terms of whether they live on the east side or the west side of the Cuyahoga River. The east side comprises the following neighborhoods: Buckeye-Shaker Square, Central, Collinwood, Corlett, Euclid-Green, Fairfax, Forest Hills, Glenville, Cleveland, Payne/Goodrich-Kirtland Park, Hough, Cleveland, Kinsman, Lee Harvard/Seville-Miles, Mount Pleasant, Nottingham, St. Clair-Superior, Cleveland, Union-Miles Park, University Circle, Little Italy, Cleveland, and Woodland Hills. The west side of the city includes the following neighborhoods: Brooklyn Centre, Clark-Fulton, Detroit-Shoreway, Cleveland, Cudell, Edgewater, Ohio City (Cuyahoga County), Ohio, Old Brooklyn, Stockyards, West Boulevard, and the four neighborhoods colloquially known as West Park, Cleveland: Kamm's Corners, Jefferson, Puritas-Longmead, and Riverside. Three neighborhoods in the Cuyahoga Valley are sometimes referred to as the south side: Industrial Valley/Duck Island, Slavic Village (North and South Broadway), and Tremont.

Several inner-city neighborhoods have begun to gentrification in recent years. Areas on both the west side (Ohio City, Tremont, Detroit-Shoreway, and Edgewater) and the east side (Collinwood, Hough, Fairfax, and Little Italy) have been successful in attracting increasing numbers of creative class members, which in turn is spurring new residential development.Kennedy, Maureen and Leonard, Paul. Dealing with Neighborhood Change: A Primer on Gentrification and Policy Choices. Brookings Institution (April 2001). Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Furthermore, a live-work zoning overlay for the city's near east side has facilitated the transformation of old industrial buildings into loft spaces for artists.Gill, Michael. "Can the Creative Class Save Cleveland?". Free Times (2003-10-29) Retrieved on 2007-08-01

Suburbs Cleveland's older inner-ring or "first" suburbs include Bedford, Ohio, Bedford Heights, Ohio, Brook Park, Ohio, Brooklyn, Ohio, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio, East Cleveland, Ohio, Euclid, Ohio, Fairview Park, Ohio, Garfield Heights, Ohio, Lakewood, Ohio, Maple Heights, Ohio, Parma, Ohio, Shaker Heights, Ohio, South Euclid, Ohio, University Heights, Ohio, and Warrensville Heights, Ohio. All are members of the Northeast Ohio First Suburbs Consortium.

Culture Entertainment and performing arts Cleveland is home to Playhouse Square Center, the second largest performing arts center in the United States behind New York City Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Playhouse Square includes the State Theater (Cleveland), Palace Theater, Cleveland, Allen Theater, Hanna Theater, and Ohio Theater (Cleveland) theaters within what is known as the Theater District of Downtown Cleveland. Playhouse Square: The Theater District. Playhouse Square Center. Retrieved on May 14, 2007. Playhouse Square's resident performing arts companies include the Cleveland Opera, the Ohio Ballet, and the Great Lakes Theater Festival. The center also hosts various musical theatre, special concerts, speaking engagements, and other events throughout the year. One Playhouse Square, now the headquarters for Cleveland's public broadcasting, was originally used as the broadcast studios of WKNR#WJW Radio, where disc jockey Alan Freed first popularized the term "rock and roll". Alan Freed. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2007-07-03. Located between Playhouse Square and University Circle are the Cleveland Play House and Karamu House, a well-known African American performing and fine arts center, both founded in the 1920s.Mansfield, Herbert. Theater. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1998-03-04. Retrieved on 2007-07-03.

Cleveland is also home to the Cleveland Orchestra, widely considered one of the finest orchestras in the world, and often referred to as the finest in the United States.Walsh, Michael. "The Finest Orchestra? (Surprise!) Cleveland". Time (magazine). (1994-01-10) Retrieved on 2007-08-01. It is one of the "Big Five (orchestras)" major orchestras in the United States. The Orchestra plays in Severance Hall during the winter and at Blossom Music Center during the summer. A Brief History of the Cleveland Orchestra. Cleveland Orchestra. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.

There are two main art museums in Cleveland. The Cleveland Museum of Art is a major American art museum, Cleveland Museum of Art. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-06-14. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. and its collection is comprised of more than 40,000 works of art ranging over 6,000 years, from ancient art to contemporary art. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland showcases established and emerging artists, particularly from the Cleveland area, through hosting and producing temporary exhibitions. Who We Are. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland. Retrieved on 2007-08-16.

Cleveland has served as the filming location for several noteworthy movies, including The Fortune Cookie (1967) with Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon, the Academy Award-winning The Deer Hunter (1978), Antwone Fisher (2002), and the holiday favorite A Christmas Story (1983). Scenes for Spider-Man 3 were filmed in Cleveland in April 2006. Cleveland is the lifelong home of cartoonist Harvey Pekar and the setting for most of his autobiographical comic books. The city was also the setting for the popular sitcom, The Drew Carey Show which starred Cleveland native Drew Carey.

Cleveland was the home of Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel, who created the comic book character Superman in 1932. Both attended Glenville High School, and their early collaborations resulted in the creation of "The Man of Steel". Superman. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-07-22. Retrieved on 2007-07-03.

Cleveland is the home of heavy metal group Mushroomhead, rap group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Eric Carmen and his band, The Raspberries. Rhythm and blues singer Gerald Levert also was a lifelong resident of Cleveland, and it was the hometown of R&B groups the Dazz Band and The Rude Boys, as well as R&B singer Avant. It was also home to protopunk bands Pere Ubu (band), Rocket From the Tombs, and Electric Eels (band).

Tourism on the shores of Lake Erie

Five miles (8 km) east of downtown Cleveland is University Circle, a 550-acre (220 hectare) concentration of cultural, educational, and medical institutions, including Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Severance Hall, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and the Western Reserve Historical Society. Cleveland is also home to the I. M. Pei-designed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the Lake Erie waterfront at North Coast Harbor downtown. Neighboring attractions include Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Great Lakes Science Center, the Steamship William G. Mather Maritime Museum, and the USS Cod (SS-224), a World War II Gato class submarine.

Cleveland is home to many festivals throughout the year. Cultural festivals such as the annual Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival in the Little Italy neighborhood, the Greek Orthodox Festival in the Tremont neighborhood, and the Harvest Festival in the Slavic Village neighborhood are popular events. Vendors at the West Side Market in Ohio City offer many different ethnic foods for sale. Cleveland hosts an annual parade on Saint Patrick's Day that brings hundreds of thousands to the streets of downtown.

and van Bruggen's Free Stamp, located in Willard Park to the east of City HallIn addition to the cultural festivals, Cleveland hosted the CMJ Rock Hall Music Fest, which featured national and local acts, including both established artists and up-and-coming acts, but the festival was discontinued in 2007 due to financial and manpower costs to the Rock Hall.Soeder, John. " CMJ/Rock Hall Music Fest cancelled after two-year run." The Plain Dealer (newspaper), 2007-04-06. The city recently incorporated an annual art and technology festival, known as Ingenuity, which features a combination of art and technology in various installations and performances throughout lower Euclid Avenue. The Cleveland International Film Festival has been held annually since 1977, and its eleven day run drew a record 52,753 people in 2007.O'Connor, Cliff. " Another record-setting year for Cleveland film fest." The Plain Dealer (newspaper), 2007-03-26. Cleveland also hosts an annual holiday display lighting and celebration, dubbed Winterfest, which is held downtown at the city's historic hub, Public Square.

A large concentration of Poles in the metropolitan Cleveland area resulted in a number of impressive churches in the Polish Cathedral style, such as the Shrine of old St. Stanislaus in Slavic Village or St. John Cantius in Tremont. Both churches are included on tour itineraries.

Sports , home of the Cleveland IndiansCleveland's professional sports teams include the Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball), Cleveland Browns (National Football League), Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association), Cleveland Bulldogs (Arena Football League), Cleveland City Stars (United Soccer Leagues), and Lake Erie Monsters (American Hockey League). Annual sporting events held in Cleveland include the Champ Car Grand Prix of Cleveland, the Cleveland Marathon, the Mid-American Conference college basketball tournament and the Ohio Classic college football game. The city hosted the Gravity Games, an extreme sports series, from 2002 to 2004. Local sporting facilities include Jacobs Field, Cleveland Browns Stadium, Quicken Loans Arena, and the CSU Wolstein Center.

The Cleveland Browns dominated the NFL from 1950 NFL season to 1955 NFL season. The city's franchise is one of the most storied in football, though it last won an List of NFL champions in 1964 NFL season and has never appeared in the Super Bowl. The Cleveland Indians last reached the World Series in 1995 World Series and 1997 World Series, though they lost to the Atlanta Braves and Florida Marlins, respectively, and have not won the series since 1948 World Series. Between 1995 and 2001, Jacobs Field sold out for 455 consecutive games, a Major League Baseball record. The Cleveland Cavaliers are experiencing a renaissance with Cleveland fans due to LeBron James, a native of nearby Akron and the number one overall 2003 NBA Draft. The Cavaliers won the Eastern Conference (NBA) in 2007, but were defeated in the 2007 NBA Finals by the San Antonio Spurs. The city's recent lack of success in sports has earned it a reputation of being a cursed sports city, which ESPN validated by proclaiming Cleveland as its "most tortured sports city" in 2004.Darcy, Kieran. Mistakes by the Lake. ESPN.com: Page 2. (2004-07-13). Retrieved on 2005-10-11.

At the 2005 Major League Soccer Major League Soccer All-Star Game in Columbus, Ohio, MLS commissioner Don Garber announced that Cleveland was one of several top areas in contention for an expansion team in 2007. Delays in securing a soccer-only stadium have now prevented any such team from beginning play until the 2009 season, but the Cleveland area is still a contender for expansion. Cleveland fielded an National Hockey League team, the Cleveland Barons (NHL), from 1976-77 NHL season to 1977-78 NHL season, which was later merged into the Minnesota North Stars. The city has had other major-league hockey teams in the past. The most recent incarnation of the Cleveland Barons (2001-2006), was an American Hockey League affiliate of the San Jose Sharks, that moved to Worcester, Massachusetts in 2006. The tradition of professional hockey in Cleveland started with the original Cleveland Barons (1937-1973) in 1937. A new professional team is slated to begin play in 2007 with the Lake Erie Monsters, an AHL team purchased by Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert. Cleveland was also home to the Cleveland Rockers, one of the original eight teams in the Women's National Basketball Association in 1997. However, in 2003, the team folded after owner Gordon Gund dropped the team from operation.

Media Cleveland is served in print by The Plain Dealer (newspaper), the city's sole remaining daily newspaper. The competing Cleveland Press ceased publication on June 17 1982, and the Cleveland News ended its run in 1960. Cleveland also supports several alternative weekly publications, including the Free Times and Cleveland Scene.

Cleveland, combined with nearby Akron, was ranked in 2006–2007 as the 17th largest television market by Nielsen Media Research. The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including: WKYC-TV (channel 3, NBC), WEWS (channel 5, American Broadcasting Company), WJW-TV (channel 8, Fox Broadcasting Company), WOIO (channel 19, CBS), WUAB (channel 43, My Network TV), and WBNX (channel 55, The CW Television Network). Cleveland is also served by WVPX (channel 23, ION (TV network)) and Spanish-language channel WQHS-TV (channel 61, Univision). WVIZ (channel 25) and WEAO (channel 49) are members of Public Broadcasting Service. A Cleveland first in television was The Morning Exchange program on WEWS, which defined the morning show format, and served as the inspiration for Good Morning America.

Cleveland is also served by over 43 AM and FM radio stations directly, and dozens of other stations are heard from elsewhere in Northeast Ohio. Cleveland OH, RadioStationWorld. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.

Economy Cleveland's location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie has been key to its growth. The Ohio and Erie Canal coupled with rail links helped establish the city as a major American manufacturing center. Steel and many other manufactured goods emerged as its industries.Stapleton, Darwin H. Industry. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-07-17. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.

The city has sought to diversify its economy to become less dependent on its struggling manufacturing sector. Cleveland is the corporate headquarters of many large companies such as National City Corporation, Eaton Corporation, Forest City Enterprises, Sherwin-Williams Company, and Key Bank. NASA maintains a facility in Cleveland, the Glenn Research Center. Jones Day, one of the largest law firms in the world, traces its origins to Cleveland, and its Cleveland office remains the firm's largest.Cho, Janet H. "A global venue; Cleveland's Jones Day law firm makes motions all over the world, but its culture is rooted in the town where it began", The Plain Dealer. 2006-06-19.

Cleveland's largest employer, the renowned Cleveland Clinic, ranks among America's best hospitals as tabulated by U.S. News & World Report. Best Hospitals 2006: Cleveland Clinic. U.S. News & World Report (2006). Retrieved on 2006-09-17. Cleveland's healthcare industry includes University Hospitals of Cleveland, a noted competitor which ranked twenty-fifth in cancer care, Best Hospitals 2006: Cancer. U.S. News & World Report. (2006-07-13) Retrieved on 2007-08-01. and MetroHealth medical center.

Cleveland is an emerging area for biotechnology and fuel cell research, led by Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Clinic, and University Hospitals of Cleveland. Cleveland is among the top recipients of investment for biotech start-ups and research. Case Western Reserve, the Clinic, and University Hospitals have recently announced plans to build a large biotechnology research center and business incubator on the site of the former Mt. Sinai Medical Center, creating a research campus to stimulate biotech startup company that can be spun off from research conducted in the city.

City leaders stepped up efforts to cultivate a technology sector in its economy in the early 2000s. Former Mayor Jane L. Campbell appointed a "tech czar" whose job is to actively recruit tech companies to the downtown office market, offering connections to the high-speed fiber networks that run underneath downtown streets in several "high-tech offices" focused on the Euclid Avenue area. Cleveland State University hired a Technology Transfer Officer to work full time on cultivating technology transfers from CSU research to marketable ideas and companies in the Cleveland area, and appointed a Vice President for Economic Development to leverage the university's assets in expanding the city's economy. Case Western Reserve University participates in technology initiatives such as the OneCommunity project Fiber Optic Network Connecting Cleveland and Northeast Ohio. OneCommunity project. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. a high-speed fiber optic network linking the area's major research centers intended to stimulate growth. OneCommunity's work attracted the attention of Intel and in mid-2005, Cleveland was named an Intel "Worldwide Digital Community" along with Corpus Christi, Texas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Taipei. This distinction will add about $12 million for marketing to expand regional technology partnerships, create a city-wide WiFi network, and develop a tech economy. In addition to this Intel initiative, in January 2006 a New York-based think tank, the Intelligent Community Forum, selected Cleveland as the sole American city among its seven finalists for the "Intelligent Community of the Year" award. The group announced that it nominated the city for its OneCleveland network with potential broadband applications.Gomez, Henry J. "Top U.S. Broadband town: Cleveland". The Plain Dealer (newspaper). (2006-01-20). The OneCommunity Network is collaborating with Cisco Systems to deploy a cutting-edge wireless network that could provide widespread access to the region. Cisco is testing new technologies in wireless "mesh" networking. OneCommunity and Cisco officially launched the first phase in September 2006, blanketing several square miles of University Circle with wireless connectivity. Additionally, Cisco Systems acquired the former Aironet Wireless Networks, which was based in the Greater Cleveland area, to form its wireless networking product lineup and maintain a facility in the region.Vanac, Mary. "Ohio hot to invest in Wi-Fi technology", The Plain Dealer. 2006-10-05.

Demographics {| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%;"|-! colspan="5" bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"| Historical populations|-! align="center"| Census
year !! align="right"| Population !! align="right"| Rank !! align="right"| %±|-| colspan="4"||-| align="center"| United States Census, 1820| align="right"| 606| align="right"| -| align="right"| -|-| align="center"| United States Census, 1830| align="right"| 1,075| align="right"| -| align="right"| 77.3%|-| align="center"| United States Census, 1840| align="right"| 6,071| align="right"| 67| align="right

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